Immunology and Infectious Diseases

Immunology is a branch of science that covers the study of immune system in all organisms. Immunology plays an important role in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, Pathology, Microbiology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves in other diseases, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.

1. Immunological aspects of endocrine diseases                  
2. Immunological techniques                       
3. Immunological aspects of cardiac diseases                         
4. Immune regulation
5. Immunological aspects of allergy and anaphylaxis
6. Immunology of HIV infections
7. Immunological aspects of renal diseases             
8. Immune-mediated neurological syndromes

Molecular Immunology manages the comprehension of the resistant fame work and how it capacities to shield us from pathogens, similar to microscopic organisms and infections, while in the meantime regarding the innocuous or valuable microorganisms in our conditions. Different systems utilized in Molecular Immunology Antibodies counteracting agent utilize Elisa, Nephelometry and Radioimmunology.

1. Immune signal transduction
2. Immune calcium signals               
3. Immune quality control
4. Immune protein folding               
5. Immunological secretion
6. Immune endocytosis
7. Immune cell motility
8. Immune ion channels
9. Cell stress response
10. Immune cell metabolism

Branch of biology concerned with the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer is known as Tumor Immunology. The most well know application is Cancer Immune therapy whereas immune system is used to treat cancer. It also be suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting.

Immunoediting induces selection for certain tumor cells, which loose dominant tumor-specific antigens allowing the tumor to progress. It has 3 main phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape.

1. Carcinogenesis
2. Onco-genomics
3. Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy
4. Cancer therapeutic resistance
5. Antitumor Effector Cells and Regulation of Tumor Immunity
6. Tumor-Associated Antigen & Immunosuppression
7. Mechanisms of Tumor Rejection and Modulation of Antitumor Responses
8. Pathobiology of Immune System Malignancies
9. Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy & Targeted therapies
10. Drug Development & Vaccines
11. Treatment Approaches for Cancer
12. Specific / Non-specific Immunotherapies
13. Immuno-Oncology studies

It is the study of immune system response that occurs at mucosal membrane of the intestines, the urogenital tracts and respiratory systems, i.e. surface which are contact with the external environment in healthy states, the mucosal immune system provide protection against pathogens but maintains a tolerance towards non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substance. Since the mucosal membranes are primary contact point between a host and its environment a large amount of secondary lymphoid tissue is found here. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT provides the organism with an important line of defense.

1. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
2. Mucosal Vaccination
3. Mucosal Immunology of HIV Infection
4. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

The study of the immune response that occurs when an organ or tissue is moved (grafted) from one individual to another is known as Transplant Immunology.

1. Immunosuppressive agents: Current trends
2. Tolerance induction
3. Xenotransplantation
4. Islet cell transplantation             
5. Immunocell therapy
6. Anti-donor antibodies and current research

Branch of immunology that deals especially with the interrelationships of the nervous system and immune responses and autoimmune disorders (as multiple sclerosis) is known as NeuroImmunology.

1. Neuro-immune interaction
2. Epilepsy
3. Autoimmune neuropathies
4. Neuro-immunological infectious diseases
5. Maternal cytokines in neurodevelopmental disorders
6. Neurodegenerative diseases
7. Neuro-virology
8. Blood brain barrier and diseases

Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and diseases. Several areas like Photo-immunology (effects of UV light on skin defense), inflammatory diseases like Hidradenitis suppurativa, allergic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema, presumably autoimmune diseases like vtiligo and psoriasis and finally the immunology of microbial skin diseases such as retrovirus infection and leprosy.

1. Cutaneous Dendritic Cells in Health and Disease
2. Photo immunology
3. Atopic Dermatitis
4. Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
5. Immunobiology & Immune-Based Therapies
6. Drug Eruptions
7. Immunodermatology & Viral Skin Infection
8. Clinical Dermatology
9. Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
10. Allergic Urticaria
11. Alopecia Areata
12. Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
13. Pemphigoid Spectrum
14. Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
15. Immunoglobulin Dermatitis
16. Advances in Immuno-Dermatology

Immunogenetics is a branch of immunology concerned with the interrelations of heredity, disease, and the immune system and its components.

1. Genetic Research
2. Vasculitis and Autoimmune Disease
3. The Immunogenetics of Neurological Disease
4. Bone involvement in Monogenic Auto-inflammatory Syndromes
5. Immunoglobulin Genotypes and Cognitive functions
6. Mechanisms behind TB, HBV, and HIV Chronic infections
7. Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics             
8. Chronic Inflammation

A biological preparation which provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease is known as Vaccine. Vaccines contain a microorganism in a weakened or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that currently, licensed vaccines are available for twenty-five different preventable infections. For example, vaccines that have proven effective include the influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine and chicken pox vaccine.

Immunization is an advanced process which triggers the body's immune system to fight against infectious diseases, by the administration of a vaccine. The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Herd immunity can be when a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated.

1. Combination Vaccines and Plant Based Vaccines
2. Recombinant Vector Based Vaccines
3. Age-specific Immune Response to Vaccination
4. Therapeutic Vaccination for Auto Immune Diseases
5. Vaccines against Vector-borne Diseases
6. Vaccination in New-born’s, Pregnancy and the Elderly populations
7. Japanese Encephalitis
8. Measles, Mumps, Pertussis, Rubella
9. Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Rotavirus
10. Hepatitis A, B
11. Adaptive, herd immunity
12. Chicken pox vaccine
13. DNA, HPV vaccination
14. Veterinary vaccines and Poultry Vaccines
15. Cholera, Diphtheria
16. Pneumococcal Infections
17. Cancer vaccines               
18. HIV vaccine research
19. Influenza vaccines
20. Live vaccines
21. Meningococcal vaccines

Nutritional Immunology or Immunonutrition is a newly recognized sub discipline of vast clinical and public health importance. This discipline interrelates seemingly desperate fields of Nutrition and Immunology. Despite of their apparent independence in the immune system cannot function optimally if malnutrition is present.

1. Nutrient-gene interactions in the immune system
2. Nutrition and immune cell signaling
3. Nutrition, immunity and chronic age-related diseases
4. White-brown adipocyte plasticity and inflammation
5. Immune profiling in metabolic diseases
6. Obesity, inflammation and immunity
7. Nutrition-inflammation interactions
8. Nutritional immunology old challenges & new approaches

Branch of medicine that studies interactions between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier is known as Reproductive immunology.

1. Immunological paradox of pregnancy
2. Immune cells and cytokines in implantation
3. Mucosal immunity
4. Sexually transmitted infections and Diseases (STI’s & STD’s)
5. Immune-mediated sub-fertility and pregnancy complications
6. Immuno-genetics in reproduction

The branch of Developmental Immunology consists of two independent research groups. The immune system develops from hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow. These precursors go through rounds of cell division and differentiation to give rise to the various different lymphoid and non-lymphoid lineages that go to make up the innate and adaptive immune systems.

The immunologists are investigating the origin and evolution of lymphoid organs and the adaptive immune system, the intestinal immune system, and adaptive and innate immunity with a focus on various aspects of immune tolerance. The immune system which initiates its development far before birth with in the fetus and because of which the development continues even after reaching the adulthood. The capacity to react to antigens and foreign invaders is thus dependent on: Age of the person, Type of antigen, maternal factors, Area of body.

1. Human growth and development
2. Phagocytosis
3. Hormones regulating Immunity

Considering the case of neonates and children where the immune system is not fully functional at birth and still developing later on, the chances of them being susceptible to infections and pathogensis high and response to vaccines is not that effective compared to adults. This could later lead to development of allergy, asthma or other immune disorders hence the care and prevention methods employed is discussed under Neonatal Immunology and Paediatric immunology.

1. Fetal & Neonatal Immunology
2. Pediatric Allergy
3. Outdoor & Indoor Allergens
4. Pediatric Asthma and Rhinitis
5. Vaccination effectiveness

The study of immune dysfunction is called Immuno toxicology. It is due to exposure of an organism to foreign chemical substance identified within a creature that is not usually produced by or estimated to be existent within that organism. Immune dysfunction may effect in the decline of the action of the immune system. Immunotoxic substances, such as chemicals, pesticides, or drugs, can have adversarial effects on the working of the immune system. The well-known effects comprise enlarged susceptibility to infections or tumors as a result of humoral and/or cellular immunity being co-operated (immunosuppression), autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and progress of allergies.

1. Immune Dysfunction
2. Immunosupression
3. Autoimmunity

The branch of medicine which deals with immune responses associated with disease is termed as Immunopathology. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. According to biology, it refers to damage caused to an organism by its own immune response, as a result of an infection. It could be due to mismatch between pathogen and host species, and often occurs when an animal pathogen infects a human.

1. Clinical Pathology
2. Molecular Pathology
3. Hematopathology
4. Histopathology
5. Dermatopathology
6. Forensic Pathology
7. Anatomical Pathology
8. Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
9. Digital Pathology

Immunology research tends to a fascinating medium for the introduction, understanding and clarification of complex sensible information. Data appears as interpretive blend diagrams, exceptional research articles, symposia, preparations and theoretical structures. The level of argument reaches to the cell immunology, tumor immunology, immunoregulation, immunopathology, auxiliary immunology, molecular immunology and autoimmunity have ensured and microbial restriction including viral immunology, transplantation immunology, Immunoendocrinology, translational immunology, Neuroimmunology and clinical immunology.

1. Antibody Engineering & Technology
2. Proteomics
3. Antigen-Antibody Interactions
4. Microarray
5. Recombinant Immuno-Conjugates
6. Characterization of Lymphocytes
7. Immunodiagnostic & Immuno techniques
8. Transcriptomics               
9. Immunological Assay
10. Nano-Immunotechnology
11. Technology Development and Applications

Innate Immunity is defined as an immunity possessed by a group of species or race which is present in an individual at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen and that includes components such as intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement which provide an initial response against infection.

1. Anatomical Barriers lupus
2. Inflammation
3. Neural Regulation
4. Immune Evasion
5. Pathogen-specificity

An immune disorder is also known as dysfunction of the immune system and these are characterized in several different ways.

• By the affected component(s) of the immune system

• By overactive or underactive Immune system

• By congenital or acquired conditions

1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
3. Multiple Sclerosis
4. Diabetes Mellitus
5. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
6. Psoriasis
7. Myasthenia gravis
8. Vasculitis

Immune system is a composite system of the human body and understanding it is one of the most interesting topics in biology. Immunology research is vital for thoughtful the appliances underlying the defence of human body and to progress drugs for immunological diseases and continue health. Modern results in genomic and proteomic knowledge have changed the immunology research extremely. Sequencing of the human and other ideal organism genomes has formed gradually great capacities of data relevant to immunology study and at the similar time vast amounts of purposeful and clinical data are being conveyed in the scientific literature and kept in clinical records. Latest improvements in bioinformatics or computational biology were co-operative to know and organize these large scale data and gave rise to different zone that is called Computational immunology or immunoinformatics.

Computational immunology is a division of bioinformatics and it is founded on same concepts and tools, such as arrangement position and protein structure prediction tools. Immunomics is a discipline like genomics and proteomics. It is a science, which precisely associates Immunology with computer science, mathematics, chemistry, and biochemistry for large-scale analysis of immune system functions. It objects to study the compound protein–protein relations and networks and permits a well accepting of immune responses and their part during normal, diseased and reformation states. Computational immunology is a part of immunomics, which is concentrated on analyzing large scale experimental data.

1. Human systems immunology
2. Cellular communication, migration and dynamics
3. Immunoreceptor signalings: Receptors and pathways
4. Systems analysis of cancer and model organisms
5. Modeling signaling pathways and transcriptional networks

Microbiology is the study of biological organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye (without using such tools as the magnifying glass or microscope etc). It is therefore dedicated to studying the lives and characteristics of a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria and archaea to parasitic worms in their environments.

Microbiology has proved to be one of the most important disciplines in biology, making it possible to identify how some of these organisms cause diseases, discover cures for such diseases and even use some microbes for industrial purposes etc.

1. Cellular Microbiology
2. Molecular Microbiology
3. Bacteriology
4. Parasitology
5. Medical Microbiology
6. Microbial biotechnology
7. Pharmaceutical Microbiology
8. Veterinary Microbiology
9. Protozoology
10. Phycology
11. Mycology
12. Nematology
13. Microbial Cytology
14. Microbial Physiology
15. Microbial Ecology
16. Microbial Genetics

Eco immunology is an interdisciplinary field combining aspects of immunology with ecology, biology, physiology, and evolution. The field of Eco immunology, while young, seeks to give an ultimate perspective for proximate mechanisms of immunology.

Psychological mechanisms that allows the individual organisms to detect the potential presence of disease-causing parasites in their immediate environment and to engage in behaviours that prevents contact with those objects and individuals is known as Behavioral Immunity.

1. Clinical Trails
2. Randomized Controlled
3. Ecological Study
4. Epidemiology Study
5. Analysis of Clinical Trails
6. Implications of Immunology
7. Psychological Sciences
8. Suppression Immunotherapies

Infectious diseases are mainly caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, pathogens. Some of these organisms cause diseases. Than any other cause infectious diseases kill more people throughout the world. These infections are mainly caused by germs .we can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something. Some of the diseases like measles and chickenpox can also be prevented by vaccines. Hand washing is also a used to prevent infectious diseases.

1. Bacterial infectious diseases
2. Neuro infectious diseases
3. Inflammatory infectious diseases
4. Rare infectious diseases             
5. Communicable infectious diseases
6. Viral infectious diseases
7. Parasitic infectious diseases
8. Fungal infectious diseases
9. Protozoal Diseases
10. Intestinal infectious diseases
11. Mycobacterial diseases
12. Influenza (flu)
13. Kawasaki disease
14. Airborne
15. Respiratory tract Infection
16. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
17. Antimicrobial agents- infectious diseases

Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or through animals .these can be spread through air and transfer from blood or other body fluids like malaria, HIV/AIDS. Non-communicable diseases are chronic diseases like heart diseases, cancer and diabetes.

1. Cancer
2. Diabetes
3. Osteoporosis
4. Fibromyalgia
5. Heart Disease
6. Shigellosis
7. Measles
8. Hepatitis
9. HIV/AIDS
10. STI’s & STD’s
11. Enterovirus D68

Pediatrics is a subdivision of the science of medicine which includes the medical care of infants, children, and adults. Pediatric infectious diseases are that which is formed due to microorganisms and other microbes like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other pathogens. These types of pathogens infect the children and make them ill causing several problems in the body. These infectious diseases may lead to the problems like Diarrhea and vomiting in babies and infants. When the infections get savior problem, it interrupts the sleeping pattern of babies projecting them with the pain of difficulties. The most common Pediatric infectious diseases are Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Sepsis and the contagious form of infections in babies.

Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology that deals with viruses and viral diseases. Infectious diseases are mainly caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, pathogens. Some of these organisms cause diseases. These infections are mainly caused by germs. we can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something. Some of the diseases like measles and chickenpox can also be prevented by vaccines. Hand washing is also a used to prevent infectious diseases.

1. Haepatology and nutrition
2. Sexually transmitted virus
3. Swine fever virus
4. Emerging infectious diseases

Vectors are organisms such as intermediate parasites or microbes which transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism, but it could be an insentient medium of infection such as dust particles.

1. Vector borne emergency
2. Yellow fever mosquito
3. Mosquito borne
4. Tick borne
5. Flea borne

The process in which biotechnology is used in converting viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. There are three main branches of Virotherapy : anti-cancer oncotic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy.

1. Reovirus infection in mono layer and spheroid cultures of glioma cells
2. Development in viral vectors for gene therapy
3. Oncolytic virus therapy
4. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are the causes of respiratory symptoms. These affects the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.

1. Interstitial lung Disease
2. Pulmonary edema
3. Berylliosis
4. Hypoxemia
5. Acute Interstitial Pneumonitis
6. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
7. Primary ciliary dyskinesia
8. Respiratory tract infection
9. Bronchiolitis obliterans

1. Bacterial virulence determinants
2. Mechanisms of viral infectious diseases
3. Mechanisms of bacterial infectious diseases
4. Human and animal microbiome in infectious diseases
5. High-throughout screening for new novel antibiotics
6. Bacterial membrane transport and cell surface phenomena
7. Bacterial CRE / ESKAPE pathogens
8. Antibiotic export pumps in bacterial pathogenesis

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Public health aims to improve the quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease, including mental health. This is done through the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behaviors. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, medical assistants, public health nurses, midwives or medical microbiologists. Depending on the need environmental health officers or public health inspectors, bioethicists, and even veterinarians, Gender experts, Sexual and reproductive health specialists. Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologist’s help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi, and viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology. The bacteria can be grouped on the basis of physical, chemical, and biologic characteristics. In recent years, medical scientists have concentrated on the study of pathogenic mechanisms and host defenses.

Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question, but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology. 

Allergy includes a misrepresented reaction of the immune system, regularly to normal substances, for example, sustenance’s or dust. The immune system is an unpredictable system that ordinarily guards the body against remote intruders, for example, microscopic organisms and infections, while additionally studying for conditions, for example, malignant growth and autoimmunity. Allergens are substances that are unfamiliar to the body and that reason an unfavorably susceptible response. These illnesses incorporate roughage fever, nourishment hypersensitivities, atopic dermatitis, unfavourably susceptible asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may incorporate red eyes, a bothersome rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. There are numerous sorts of sensitivities, Drug Allergy, Food Allergy, Insect Allergy, Latex Allergy, Mold Allergy, Pet Allergy, and Pollen Allergy. A few hypersensitivities are regular and others are all year. A few hypersensitivities might be long lasting.

The use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition is known as Stem-cell therapy and it is the widely used for Bone marrow transplantation, but some therapies are derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway in-order to develop various sources for stem cells, as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for Neuro-degenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease

Vaccines are potentially beneficial on one hand but causes long term effects on other hand. Extensive use impairs the natural immune system and prone to inflammatory diseases due to the vaccines effect on androgenic immune system. Some of the inflammation requires medications and some self-heal but there are some diseases which cannot fight by body which happens to be metabolic syndrome which are associated with vaccines. Bystander activation and Molecular mimicry and are the possible ways for the vaccines to trigger the auto immune disorders. The therapies have come a long way but need to work depending upon the root cause of all this disease.

The branch and specialty of medicine concerning the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of diseases in adults, especially of internal organs is known as Internal Medicine.

Doctors of internal medicine are also called "internists", are required to have included in their medical schooling and postgraduate training at least three years dedicated to learning how to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases that affect adults.

Sub-Specialities under Internal Medicine:

1. Cardiology: deals with disorders of the heart and blood vessels
2. Endocrinology: deals with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones
3. Gastroenterology: deals with the field of digestive diseases
4. Hematology: deals with blood, the blood-forming organs and its disorders
5. Infectious disease: deals with disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite
6. Medical oncology: deals with the study and treatment of cancer
7. Nephrology: deals with the function and diseases of the kidney
8. Pulmonology: deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
9. Rheumatology: deals with the medical diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases.

Infections are caused by disease drivers such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Physicians conclude an infection based on symptoms and results of physical tests. Once after confirming the person from infection to a type of illness, they should be aware of the specific infectious agent as varied microbes cause the same infection. As different infectious diseases possess similar kind of symptoms, body fluid samples, reveal the evidential causing agent of our disease.

Clinical approaches like imaging methods such as computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and X-rays reveals condition of the infection. Immunological approach of testing antibody using blood sample and other body fluids of infected person are performed.

1. Clinical mode of diagnosis
2. Immunodiagnosis
3. Molecular techniques

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases are done by doctors along with the help of lab technicians and thereby regulates what kinds of infections are occurred. They first diagnose the symptoms during the process of image scanning or by other tests. The laboratory test includes various kinds of infectious diseases which are similar to symptoms and signs. In a few cases, the body fluid or the sample collected for testing exposes the microbe which is invaded into the human body causing illness. The doctor diagnoses in efficient way and proceeds with the treatments. During the diagnosis doctors follow various forms of diagnostic measures or methods such as Blood test, Urine test, Throat swabs, Stool sample, Spinal tap. Apart from these, they follow some image scanning techniques and Biopsies. After inventing the proper type of disease, the physician/doctor prescribes the equivalent dosage of drug/medications.

Infections are caused by disease drivers such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Physicians conclude an infection based on symptoms and results of physical tests. Once after confirming the person from infection to a type of illness, they should be aware of the specific infectious agent as varied microbes cause the same infection. As different infectious diseases possess similar kind of symptoms, body fluid samples, reveal the evidential causing agent of our disease.

Clinical approaches like imaging methods such as computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and X-rays reveals condition of the infection. Immunological approach of testing antibody using blood sample and other body fluids of infected person are performed.

1. Clinical mode of diagnosis
2. Immunodiagnosis
3. Molecular techniques
4. Infection Control/Prevention

Infection Control in a health care facility is the prevention of the spread of microorganisms from one individual to another individual to prevent these infectious diseases problems frequent hand washing, infection out breaks, water and food in hospital must be maintained.

1. Clostridium difficile
2. Fatal Gram-negative bacteremias
3. Hand washing, Water and food in the hospital
4. Infection outbreaks
5. Surveillance system

Vaccine Development is an activity that focuses on a variety of technological initiatives and applied research, which enhance and promote improved systems and practices for vaccine safety. In the past year, the unprecedented Ebola disease outbreak galvanized research and industry response and as we continue to search for solutions, we must review the lessons learned in order to overcome the current challenges. Vaccines development is a long, complex process, often lasting 10-15 years and involving a combination of public and private involvement. The current system for developing, testing, and regulating vaccines developed during the 20th century as the groups involved standardized their procedures and regulations.

1. Basic Vaccinology
2. Vaccines discovery, development & formulation
3. Vaccine Management & Quality Assurance
4. Vaccine Immunoinformatics

Innovation has been a stimulating driver of advances in medication revealing. Mechanization, Nano fluidics, imaging, programming and take a look at advances have assumed a stimulating half in showing signs of improvement data, quicker. Is medication revealing at such a propelled state, to the purpose that additional upgrades area unit failed to need any longer or practical? There are a unit various feelings on this and an excellent a part of the proof is narrative, however innovation advancement is basic to the modification of the medication revealing method and value talking regarding.

The engineered antibodies development led a path for the establishment of novel drug therapeutics. These have certain characteristics in penetrating the complex paths, promotes immune protection, Greater binding strength specifically chosen for the targets, Antibody applications used in various fields includes immunology, biotechnology and therapeutics which shows promising results.