Immunology and Infectious Diseases

Immunology is a branch of science that covers the study of immune system in all organisms. Immunology plays an important role in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, Pathology, Microbiology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves in other diseases, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.

Molecular Immunology manages the comprehension of the resistant fame work and how it capacities to shield us from pathogens, similar to microscopic organisms and infections, while in the meantime regarding the innocuous or valuable microorganisms in our conditions. Different systems utilized in Molecular Immunology Antibodies counteracting agent utilize Elisa, Nephelometry and Radioimmunology.

It is the study of immune system response that occurs at mucosal membrane of the intestines, the urogenital tracts and respiratory systems, i.e. surface which are contact with the external environment in healthy states, the mucosal immune system provide protection against pathogens but maintains a tolerance towards non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substance. Since the mucosal membranes are primary contact point between a host and its environment a large amount of secondary lymphoid tissue is found here. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT provides the organism with an important line of defense.

The study of the immune response that occurs when an organ or tissue is moved (grafted) from one individual to another is known as Transplant Immunology. 

Branch of immunology that deals especially with the interrelationships of the nervous system and immune responses and autoimmune disorders (as multiple sclerosis) is known as NeuroImmunology.

Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and diseases. Several areas like Photo-immunology (effects of UV light on skin defense), inflammatory diseases like Hidradenitis suppurativa, allergic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema, presumably autoimmune diseases like vtiligo and psoriasis and finally the immunology of microbial skin diseases such as retrovirus infection and leprosy.

Immunogenetics is a branch of immunology concerned with the interrelations of heredity, disease, and the immune system and its components. 

Innate Immunity is defined as an immunity possessed by a group of species or race which is present in an individual at birth prior to exposure to a pathogen or antigen and that includes components such as intact skin, salivary enzymes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and complement which provide an initial response against infection.

Immunology research tends to a fascinating medium for the introduction, understanding and clarification of complex sensible information. Data appears as interpretive blend diagrams, exceptional research articles, symposia, preparations and theoretical structures. The level of argument reaches to the cell immunology, tumor immunology, immunoregulation, immunopathology, auxiliary immunology molecular immunology and autoimmunity have ensured and microbial restriction including viral immunology, transplantation immunology, Immunoendocrinology, translational immunology, Neuroimmunology and clinical immunology.

Nutritional Immunology or Immunonutrition is a newly recognized sub discipline of vast clinical and public health importance. This discipline interrelates seemingly desperate fields of Nutrition and Immunology. Despite of their apparent independence in the immune system cannot function optimally if malnutrition is present.

Branch of medicine that studies interactions between the immune system and components related to the reproductive system, such as maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus, or immunological interactions across the blood-testis barrier is known as Reproductive immunology.

Infectious diseases are mainly caused by micro-organisms  like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, pathogens. some of these organisms cause diseases. Than any other cause infectious diseases kill more people throughout the world. These infections are mainly caused by germs .we can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something. Some of the diseases like measles and chickenpox can also be prevented by vaccines. Hand washing is also a used to prevent infectious diseases.

Communicable diseases are spread from person to person or through animals .these can be spread through air and transfer from blood or other body fluids like malaria, HIV/AIDS. non communicable diseases are chronic diseases like heart diseases, cancer and diabetes.

Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology that deals with viruses and viral diseases. Infectious diseases are mainly caused by micro-organisms  like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, pathogens. some of these organisms cause diseases. These infections are mainly caused by germs .we can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something. Some of the diseases like measles and chickenpox can also be prevented by vaccines. Hand washing is also a used to prevent infectious diseases.

The process in which biotechnology is used in converting viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. There are three main branches of Virotherapy : anti-cancer oncotic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are the causes of respiratory symptoms. These affects the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.

Infection Control in a health care facility is the prevention of the spread of microorganisms from one individual to another individual to prevent these infectious diseases problems frequent hand washing, infection out breaks, water and food in hospital must be maintained.

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases are done by doctors along with the help of lab technicians and thereby regulates what kind of infections are occurred. They first diagnose the symptoms during the process of image scanning or by other tests. The laboratory test includes various kinds of infectious diseases which are similar to symptoms and signs. In a few cases, the body fluid or the sample collected for testing exposes the microbe which is invaded into the human body causing illness. The doctor diagnoses in efficient way and proceeds with the treatments. During the diagnosis doctors follow various forms of diagnostic measures or methods such as Blood test, Urine test, Throat swabs, Stool sample, Spinal tap. Apart from these, they follow some image scanning techniques and Biopsies. After inventing the proper type of disease, the physician/doctor prescribes the equivalent dosage of drug/medications

Innovation has been a stimulating driver of advances in medication revealing. mechanization, Nano fluidics, imaging, programming and take a look at advances have assumed a stimulating half in showing signs of improvement data, quicker. Is medication revealing at such a propelled state, to the purpose that additional upgrades area unit failed to need any longer or practical? There area unit various feelings on this and an excellent a part of the proof is narrative, however innovation advancement is basic to the modification of the medication revealing method and value talking regarding.

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Public health aims to improve the quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease, including mental health. This is done through the surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behaviors. Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Modern public health practice requires multidisciplinary teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include epidemiologists, biostatisticians, medical assistants, public health nurses, midwives or medical microbiologists. Depending on the need environmental health officers or public health inspectors, bioethicists, and even veterinarians, Gender experts, Sexual and reproductive health specialists. Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

Allergy includes a misrepresented reaction of the immune system, regularly to normal substances, for example, sustenances or dust. The immune system is an unpredictable system that ordinarily guards the body against remote intruders, for example, microscopic organisms and infections, while additionally studying for conditions, for example, malignant growth and autoimmunity. Allergens are substances that are unfamiliar to the body and that reason an unfavorably susceptible response. These illnesses incorporate roughage fever, nourishment hypersensitivities, atopic dermatitis, unfavorably susceptible asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may incorporate red eyes, a bothersome rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. There are numerous sorts of sensitivities, Drug Allergy, Food Allergy, Insect Allergy, Latex Allergy, Mold Allergy, Pet Allergy, and Pollen Allergy. A few hypersensitivities are regular and others are all year. A few hypersensitivities might be long lasting.

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi, and viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology. The bacteria can be grouped on the basis of physical, chemical, and biologic characteristics. In recent years, medical scientists have concentrated on the study of pathogenic mechanisms and host defenses. Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question, but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, evolution and ecology. Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents. Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.